Toxoplasmosis in Lithuanian hound dogs: blood test evaluation, risk factor analysis, and case review

Abstract

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, poses a significant threat to both human and animal health. Canines, including hunting dogs, are susceptible to T. gondii infection, which can manifest in various clinical forms [1]. This study investigates the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in Lithuanian Hound dogs, categorised into hunting and non-hunting groups, and assesses potential risk factors, including hunting activity, diet, and contact with felines, alongside an evaluation of haematological parameters. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 Lithuanian Hound dogs from different regions of Lithuania between March 2023 and December 2024. Blood samples were collected and analysed for antibodies using indirect ELISA and immunochromatographic assays detecting IgG and IgM antibodies. Haematological parameters, including white blood cell count, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mean platelet volume, were also assessed. Results showed 34.4% of dogs positive for IgG and 18.9% for IgM by rapid test, with ELISA confirming 25.6% positivity. A strong correlation was observed between rapid test and ELISA results (P < 0.05). Dogs fed raw wild animal meat had a significantly higher prevalence of infection (28.6%, P < 0.05), and hunting dogs were approximately three times more likely to be seropositive (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.5–6.8). No significant associations were found between seropositivity and haematological parameters, gender, age, or contact with felines. A clinical case of a hunting dog from a rural area presenting with lethargy, abdominal effusion, and neutrophilic leucocytosis is described. Serological testing confirmed T. gondii infection; despite treatment with clindamycin and, later, sulfonamide-trimethoprim, the dog developed disseminated abdominal pseudotumours and was euthanised. Post-mortem examination confirmed widespread toxoplasmosis. These results highlight the need for increased awareness and preventive measures regarding toxoplasmosis in Lithuanian Hound dogs, particularly in hunting populations and those consuming raw meat. The findings underscore the importance of regular screening and monitoring for this zoonotic disease, which has implications for public health and canine welfare [2].