Current issues of bone morphogenesis

Abstract

Introduction. Morphogenesis refers to a consistent development of specific tissue or organ. A science of tissue engineering explores composition and production of biologic tissues, entailing principles of cellular and molecular biology, appropriately managed by bioengineering and biomechanics. One of the biggest unresolved problems in today’s medicine is qualitative and quantitative bone tissue regeneration management. Materials and Methods. Review of 50 scientific articles analyzing bone bioengineering and morphogenesis, published during period of 2008-2013. Discussion. The tissue engineering aims 3 main targets for investigation of morphogenesis: induction signals, cells-targets and extracellular matrix. Among the numerous tissues of human body, the bone has a high potential for regeneration. Traditionally, morphogenetic signals for the germ cells, biological materials acting in bone tissue morphogenesis (bone morphogenetic protein BMP and a series of others), bone inductive signals are being studied. Fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and mioblasts originate from mesenchymal stem cells, found in the bone marrow of adults, in peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, periodontal ligament and dental pulp as well. Mesenchymal stem cell when differentiating to the osteoblasts is involved in a myriad of biological signals. In general, bone growth signals can be divided into the following: 1) Signal molecules (Wnt signalling pathway, etc.). 2) Growth factors (IGF, FGF, BMP, TGF-β, PDGF etc.). Bone healing is a specialized process where consistent cellular and molecular factors interact producing new bone. Adult human bone regeneration takes place in the normal embryogenetic way, except emerges occurring in inflammation phase. In the context of inflammation, cytokines , such as IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, are released and is believed to initiate bone regeneration cascade. Growth factors, having great importance...