Adverse childhood experiences and impulsivity among incarcerated and non-incarcerated men

Abstract

Introduction. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with numerous negative outcomes in adulthood, including impaired physical and mental health, higher risk-taking behaviour. Prisoners tend to exhibit higher levels of impulsivity compared to non-incarcerated men, which may be associated to various factors, including childhood abuse. It is important to understand the full range of difficulties experienced by incarcerated men to adjust rehabilitation programs effectively. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between ACEs and impulsivity among incarcerated and nonincarcerated men. Methods. Data was collected from adult incarcerated (n = 93) and non-incarcerated (n = 97) men. Data was collected using anonymous survey, which included Difficult Childhood Questionnaire (DCQ), Impulsive Behaviour Short Scale – English Version (I-8). Study was conducted in two phases: online and in-person at the Pravieniškės 1st prison, resocialization department. Bivariate analysis was used to determine the association between variables. Results. In both groups, the mean ACEs score was within the scale’s range indicating an average childhood. Incarcerated men reported more ACEs than non-incarcerated men (p = 0.005). Both groups showed the highest scores in the sensation seeking dimension. Incarcerated men expressed more urgency and lack of premeditation compared to non-incarcerated men (p < 0.05). In both groups more ACEs were associated with greater urgency, in non-incarcerated men group, more ACEs were associated with lower perseverance, there was a weak positive correlation (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Incarcerated men reported more ACEs, displayed more urgency and greater lack of premeditation compared to non-incarcerated men. In both groups more ACEs were associated with greater urgency, in non-incarcerated men group more ACEs were associated with greater lack of perseverance. These findings underline the long-term psychological effects of childhood adversity and suggest the importance of both prevention and rehabilitation.