Golambiauskas, Vladas

Paauglystė – sudėtingas laikotarpis, pasižymintis rizikingo elgesio apraiškomis, identiteto, gyvensenos ir socialinių ryšių formavimusi. Vaidmens modelio turėjimas paauglių pasirinkimus gali pakreipti tiek į sveikai gyvensenai palankią, tiek į žalingą pusę. Dėl to šiame tyrime Lietuvos moksleivių gyvensenos ir sveikatos tyrimo (HBSC) pagrindu buvo siekiama išsiaiškinti, kokius vaidmens modelius turi paaugliai ir kaip tai gali prognozuoti jų gyvensenos pasirinkimus. Tyrime dalyvavo 6628 5–11 klasių moksleiviai iš 124 Lietuvos mokyklų. Buvo vertinama, kokius vaidmens modelius turi paaugliai (jei turi) ir kaip tai prognozuoja jų miego trukmės, fizinio aktyvumo (kasdienio ir intensyvaus), mitybos, rūkymo, alkoholio vartojimo ir socialinių tinklų naudojimo rodiklius. Nustatyta, kad didžioji dalis (71 proc.) paauglių turi vaidmens modelius, dažniausiai šeimos narius (33 proc.), draugus (24 proc.), socialinių tinklų įžymybes (15 proc.), sportininkus (12 proc.) ir televizijos žvaigždes (11 proc.). Vaidmens modelio turėjimas dažniausiai prognozavo sveikai gyvensenai palankesnius pasirinkimus, labiausiai – šeimos nario (palankesni miego, fizinio aktyvumo ir sveikos mitybos rodikliai) ir sportininko (palankesni fizinio aktyvumo ir mitybos rodikliai) modeliai. Mažiausiai sveikai gyvensenai palankūs vaidmens modeliai buvo draugas (palankesni fizinio aktyvumo ir mitybos rodikliai, prastesni rūkymo ir socialinių tinklų naudojimo rodikliai) ir socialinių tinklų įžymybė (prastesni miego ir socialinių tinklų naudojimo rodikliai).

Įvadas. Nepaisant tam tikrų rodiklių gerėjimo pastaruosius dešimtmečius, rizikinga elgsena paauglystėje išlieka opi problema. Pastaraisiais metais taip pat stebimos ir naujos, nerimą keliančios tendencijos –elektroninių cigarečių naudojimo plitimas tarp moksleivių bei vis dažniau pasitaikantis probleminis socialinių tinklų naudojimas. Šiame kontekste svarbu ne tik žinoti įvairios rizikingos elgsenos paplitimą tarp paauglių, bet ir tirti rodiklius, prognozuojančius šios elgsenos raišką. Tikslas: Nustatyti 5–11 kl. paauglių rizikingos elgsenos rodiklius ir kokią rolę turi vaidmens modeliai ir socialinė parama juos prognozuojant. Metodai. Tyrimo duomenys buvo renkami Moksleivių gyvensenos ir elgsenos tyrimo (santr. HBSC) metu 2022 m. balandžio–birželio mėnesiais. Tyrime dalyvavo 6557 moksleiviai iš 5–11 klasių (51 proc. berniukai) iš 122 Lietuvos mokyklų. Tyrimo instrumentas –popierinė anketa, sudaryta iš socialinių-demografinių klausimų; suvokiamos socialinės šeimos ir draugų (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, santr. MSPSS) bendraklasių ir mokytojų (bendraklasių ir mokytojų paramos subskalė) paramos klausimų; rizikingos elgsenos (cigarečių ir elektroninių cigarečių rūkymo, alkoholio ir kanapių vartojimo, probleminio socialinių tinklų naudojimo) klausimų; vaidmens modelio (vaidmens modelio lyties ir kategorijos) klausimų. Rezultatai. Labiausiai išreikšta rizikinga elgsena tarp moksleivių buvo elektroninių cigarečių rūkymas per paskutines 30 dienų (28,3 proc.) ir alkoholio vartojimas per paskutines 30 dienų (24,9 proc.), mažiausiai –kanapių vartojimas per paskutines 30 dienų (8,0 proc.). Nepakankama šeimos ir mokytojų parama prognozavo didesnę visos rizikingos elgsenos raišką. Tik lytimi nesutampančio vaidmens modelio pasirinkimas prognozavo didesnę rizikingos elgsenos raišką. Mažesnę rizikingos elgsenos raišką prognozavo šių vaidmens modelių pasirinkimai: šeimos nario, menininko (po 3 rodiklius), sportininko, mokslininko, socialinių tinklų įžymybės (po 1 rodiklį). Didesnę rizikingos elgsenos raišką prognozavo šių vaidmens modelių pasirinkimai: draugo (6 rodikliai), TV žvaigždės ir socialinių tinklų įžymybės (po 1 rodiklį). Išvados. Pakankama šeimos ir mokytojų parama ir pavyzdingi vaidmens modeliai prognozuoja mažesnę rizikingos elgsenos raišką. Lytimi nesutampantys vaidmens modeliai, draugai ir tolimos aplinkos asmenybės prognozuoja didesnę rizikingos elgsenos raišką.

HBSC (angl. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children; santr. HBSC) - vienas iš pagrindinių paauglių gyvensenos ir sveikatos stebėsenos tyrimų Europoje, atliekamas pagal griežtą, vieningą tarptautinį tyrimo protokolą. Šis tyrimas vykdomas kas ketverius metus Pasaulio sveikatos organizacijos iniciatyva ir apima 50 Europos, Šiaurės Amerikos ir Azijos šalių. Lietuvoje šis tyrimas pradėtas vykdyti 1994 m. ir tęsiamas iki šiol. 2022 m. buvo atliktas aštuntasis tokio tipo tyrimas, leidžiantis įvertinti kelių dešimtmečių tendencijas. Šiame leidinyje pateikiami 2022 m. Lietuvoje atlikto HBSC tyrimo, kurį Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto tyrėjai atliko 124 Lietuvos mokyklose, rezultatai. Leidinyje rodikliai nagrinėjami 1994-2022 m. perspektyvoje, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant pastarųjų metų tendencijoms. Čia taip pat pateikiama demografinių grupių analizė, siekiant išryškinti jaunuolių grupes, kurioms gali būti tikslingiau taikyti į sveikatą ir gerovę orientuotas priemones. Leidinyje pateikiami pagrindiniai Lietuvos moksleivių gyvensenos, sveikatos ir gerovės, rizikingos elgsenos ir socialinės aplinkos rodikliai. Tikimės, kad tyrimo rezultatai pasitarnaus ne tik kaip informacijos šaltinis mokslininkams ir tyrėjams, bet ir pasieks tuos, kurie tiesiogiai dalyvauja palaikant ir gerinant jaunų žmonių sveikatą bei gerovę - nacionalinės ir savivaldybių politikos formuotojams, mokyklų atstovams, asmens ir visuomenės sveikatos specialistams, moksleivių tėvams ir patiems moksleiviams. Ugdyti sveiką ateities kartą yra svarbu jau šiandien, kadangi tai atsilieps ne tik jų, bet ir visos visuomenės sveikatai bei gerovei.

Oral diseases are among the most common non-communicable diseases around the globe and become a public health challenge that considerably impact general health and well-being in all ages across the lifespan. Oral health is an integral part of general health, where poor oral health and other lifestyle-related chronic diseases have a common risk factor background. The underlying causes of oral health inequalities are often complex and related to country-specific historical, economic, cultural, social, or political factors. For more than a decade, data from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey showed that tooth brushing rates are very low in post-Soviet countries. The general aim of our study was to focus on a more detailed profile of schoolchildren from post-Soviet countries, who have poor habits of teeth brushing, in terms of their family, social support, physical activity, nutrition, and other health-related behaviors. Data for this study was extrapolated from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children study, a World Health Organization collaborative cross-national study, conducted every 4 years since 1983/1984. For this study, the post-Soviet countries from Eastern Europe and Central Asia were selected: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Data from all countries (some exceptions for Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) were collected within 2017-2018 HBSC study, following international research protocol. The sample consisted of 44,760 schoolchildren, aged 11, 13, and 15 years from 12 countries. Irregular tooth brushing is more common among boys, elder adolescents, and schoolchildren from less affluent families. Low own health measures, low life satisfaction, low physical activity, and low FAS relate to poorer adolescent dental hygiene in post-Soviet countries. Adolescents characterized by irregular tooth brushing were more likely to assess their health as fair or poor rather than excellent or good (OR = 1.22), and also had greater odds of reporting low life satisfaction (OR = 1.36). Individual mental health complaints-feeling low, being irritable, being nervous, and having sleep difficulties-were assessed as a possible outcome of irregular tooth brushing. However, irregular tooth brushing was not associated with poorer mental health outcomes (p > 0.05).    Conclusions: Oral hygiene in post-Soviet countries is still a major public health challenge and have to be addressed properly. What is Known: • Oral health strongly affects the overall health of children and adolescents in the future. • Oral diseases often share common determinants and risk factors with other chronic diseases. • The underlying causes of oral health inequalities are often complex and related to country-specific historical, economic, cultural, social, or political factors. What is New: • Irregular tooth brushing was more common among adolescents with low life satisfaction and poor or fair health as well as in less affluent families. • Irregular tooth brushing was not found to be associated with poorer mental health among post-Soviet countries adolescents.

Background: Previous research suggests that double entry is one of the most reliable methods for detecting entry errors. However, the effect of usual single-entry method on errors is rarely assessed. Our objective was to identify most common data entry errors and to assess how it relates to different characteristics of items, data entry clerks (DECs), and the data itself.

Methods: The data for our study was retrieved from the HBSC 2022 study in Lithuania. In total, 6730 questionnaires from grades 5–11 were manually entered twice into “Microsoft Excel” database by 27 different DECs. Differences between entries were identified as entry errors and were corrected through a third entry. Error types were identified and clustered into categories. For each category, average impact (average number of entries affected) was calculated. Errors per 1000 entries (error rate) were calculated for each question and its characteristic (e. g. number of response options).

Results: Total error rate was 3.9 (5.6 in the 5-7th grade questionnaire, 2.3 in the 9-11th grade questionnaire). In total, 29 types of errors were identified, with average impact ranging from 1.0 to 5.1 entries. Error rates by question varied from 0.1 to 24.6, error rates by question characteristic varied from 1.1 to 16.9. Depending on the occupation of DEC, error rate per one HBSC questionnaire varied 0.3 to 5.6.

Conclusions: Double data entry method allowed to avoid 3.9 errors per 1000 entries. Occupation of DEC and question characteristics were found to be significant variables associated with differences in error rates."

Background: Research on role model presence in adolescence is rarely researched, especially on scale. Even though social scientists agree that parents can and should act as exemplary people for their children, there is no research on how often family members are chosen as role models and no research on how it relates to adolescent health. Objectives. The goal of our study was to identify how many adolescents choose family members as their role models and how it relates to health of the adolescent.

Methods: In total, 6557 adolescents from grades 5–11 participated in the study (49% female). For health variables, subjective health, life satisfaction, happiness, and self-efficacy were assessed and dichotomised. Role model was assessed in two ways: presence (yes/no), and category (e. g. family member, friend, teacher, etc.). Role model variable was dichotomised (has a family member as a role model or does not). Binary logistics were performed to find associations between family member as a role model presence and health.

Results: 33.1% of adolescents identified family member as a role model. These adolescents were more likely to have excellent or good subjective health (OR=1.42), high life satisfaction (OR=2.04), be happy (OR=1.60), and have medium or high self-efficacy (OR=1.17) (age, family-affluence, and gender adjusted).

Conclusions: Having a family member as a role model was associated with better subjective health for adolescents, which suggests that role model presence in the closest environment may have the greatest benefits for adolescent well-being."

Tyrimo problema Šiame tyrime buvo tiriama ar paauglių turimo vaidmens modelio charakteristikos gali būti veiksniu, prognozuojančiu paauglių gyvenseną ir psichologinę gerovę. Nors tinkamų vaidmens modelių paauglystėje pasirinkimai yra dažnai socialinėje literatūroje aptarinėjama tema, pastaruoju metu juntamas didžiulis šią temą nagrinėjančių tyrimų stygius. Tyrimo aktualumas Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais yra stebimas paauglių psichologinės gerovės prastėjimas, susijęs su socialiniais-ekonominiais, gyvensenos, socialinių santykių ir šeimos rizikos veiksniais [1]. Situacija dar labiau ėmė prastėti COVID-19 pandemijos metu – tarp jaunų žmonių dažniau reiškėsi nerimas, suprastėjo subjektyviai suvokiama gerovė [2]. Smarkiai prastėjo ir paauglių gyvensenos įpročiai [3]. Nors vaidmens modeliai ir yra laikomi svarbūs paauglių gyvenime, iki šiol nėra aišku kaip vaidmens modelio turėjimas ir charakteristikos yra susiję su paauglių gyvensenos ir sveikatos rodikliais. Trūksta žinių ir apie vaidmens modelių formavimąsi kasdienybe tapusių socialinių tinklų kontekste. [...].

dolescent behaviour. Research on associations between role models and risk behaviour has been done only with small samples and is decades old, therefore lacking relevance for the adolescents of today. Methods. The study was conducted between April 2022 and June 2022. In total, 6557 adolescents (49% female) in grades 5, 7, 9, and 11 were surveyed via paper questionnaire. Risk behaviour was measured in 5 dimensions: smoking, vaping, cannabis smoking, alcohol consumption (past 30 days prevalence), and drunkenness (life prevalence). Prevalence of role model was assessed with 4 options available: no role model, female role model(s), male role model(s), and both female and male role models. Results. 71.2% of adolescents identified a role model. Role model prevalence was not associated with most risk behaviour (p > 0.05). Having both female and male role model(s) was associated with lower risk of tobacco smoking (OR = 1.37) and drunkenness during lifetime (OR = 1.25). For girls, gender-matching role model(s) prevalence was associated with lower risk to engage in tobacco smoking (OR = 1.57), vaping (OR = 1.37), and cannabis smoking (OR = 1.66), whereas gender-mismatching role model(s) prevalence only was not. For boys, gender-matching role model(s) prevalence was not associated with risk behaviour, gender-mismatching role model(s) prevalence only was associated with greater risk of tobacco smoking (OR = 1.92), vaping (OR = 2.38), cannabis smoking (OR = 2.09), alcohol consumption (OR = 1.60), and drunkenness (OR = 1.50). Conclusions. The association of role model prevalence with risk behaviour was moderated by the gender-(mis) match and differed between boys and girls. The study results suggest that boys do not benefit from gender-matching role model(s) prevalence whereas girls do. Gender-mismatching role model(s) prevalence only was associated with higher odds of engaging in risk behaviour for boys.

Introduction. One of the developmental tasks young adults should achieve is to create meaningful long-term romantic relationships. However, computer gaming, one of the most popular leisure activities among young people, has shown to be harmful to interpersonal relationships. Therefore, our aim was to assess the potential associations between computer gaming habits and romantic relationship satisfaction among gaming and non-gaming couples. Methods. 18–39 years old adults, who have romantic partners participated in this study. The survey was conducted in public places in the cities and counties of Kaunas and Vilnius. Paper questionnaires included Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) by Hendricks and 7-item Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS-7) by Lemmens et al. Four gaming profiles were identified:

1. Only respondent is gaming; 2) Only partner is gaming; 3) Both are gaming; 4) None are gaming. Univariate and bivariate statistical analyses were made. Results. Romantic relationship satisfaction was high and did not differ among different gaming profiles. Respondents and their partners were gaming once a week, 2 days in a row, for 2 hours a day. Statistically non-significant associations were found between more-expressed gaming habits and relationship satisfaction among both-gaming couples. Internet gaming disorder among young adults was expressed weakly. Respondents with more expressed internet gaming disorder were less satisfied with their relationship when their partner was not gaming. Conclusion. Higher internet gaming disorder was associated with lower relationship satisfaction when only respondents were gaming.

Background: one of the developmental tasks that young adults should achieve is to create meaningful long-term romantic relationship. However, one of the most popular leisure activities among young people, computer gaming, has shown to be harmful to interpersonal relationships. Therefore our aim was to assess the potential associations between computer gaming habits and romantic relationship satisfaction among gaming and non-gaming couples. Materials and Methods: the 18–39 years old adults, who have romantic partners, participated in this study. It was conducted in public places of Kaunas and Vilnius cities and counties. Paper questionnaires included Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) by Hendricks and 7-item Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS-7) by Lemmens et al. Four gaming profiles were identified: 1) Only respondent is gaming; 2) Only partner is gaming; 3) Both are gaming; 4) None are gaming. Univariate and bivariate statistical analysis was made. Results: romantic relationship satisfaction was high and did not differ among different gaming profiles. Respondents and their partners were gaming once a week, 2 days in a row, for 2 hours a day. Statistically non-significant associations were found between more expressed gaming habits and relationship satisfaction among both-gaming couples. Internet gaming disorder among young adults was expressed weakly. Respondents with more expressed internet gaming disorder were less satisfied with their relationship when partner was not gaming. Conclusion: gaming habits and internet gaming disorder did not correlate with romantic relationship satisfaction except for respondents gaming alone – in this case, higher internet gaming disorder was associated with lower relationship satisfaction.