Laukevičienė, Alė

Osteoporozė yra visuotinė žmonijos problema, jungianti beveik 75 milijonus Europoje, Japonijoje, JAV sergančių žmonių. Tai viena iš lėtinių besimptomių ligų, kuria serga senstanti visuomenė. [...] Leidinys sudarytas iš dviejų dalių, kuriose remtasi fundamentalių šios srities tyrėjų darbais, vertinimais, išvadomis ir istoriškai pažvelgta į kaulinio audinio tyrimų raidą bei suformuotus klinikinius pagrindus. Kad keletą dešimtmečių trukę tyrimai mažai kinta iki šiol ir vis dar išlieka aktualūs, patvirtina mokslo publikacijų gausa. Pirmojoje leidinio dalyje apžvelgiama griaučių ir žandikaulių kaulinio audinio anatominė struktūra, fiziologija, histologija, biochemija ir biomechanika bei kai kurie aktualiausi su kauliniu audiniu susiję klinikiniai aspektai. Antrojoje - nagrinėjama panoraminės radiografijos tyrimo svarba ir aktualumas bei kaulų mineralų tankio tyrimai, kuriuos pasaulio mokslininkai ir klinicistai taiko ir rekomenduoja naudoti odontologijos praktikoje. Pateikta informacija reikšminga ankstyvos osteoporozės diagnostikai ir profilaktikai - odontologijos specialistai turi tapti pirmine profilaktikos ir diagnostikos grandinės dalimi. Leidinys padės ne tik pagilinti žinias apie kaulinį audinį, tyrimų galimybes, svarbius kaulinio audinio struktūrų veikiančius rizikos veiksnius, bet ir supažindins su pasaulyje atliktais kaulų tyrimais ir taps naudingu klinikinės praktikos vadovu. Leidinys skirtas gydytojams odontologams, periodontologams, veido ir žandikaulių specialistams, odontologijos rezidentams, doktorantams, magistrams.

Since the introduction of problem-based learning (PBL) in the Faculty of Medicine of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LSMU) in 2007, teaching of physiology has changed significantly. The program of a single discipline was split among different preclinical modules on thematic basis throughout 2–3 study years. Traditional classes for physiology and other subjects (anatomy, histology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc.) were combined with PBL tutorials into the integrated module curriculum. Curriculum reorganization and introduction of PBL tutorials as integrated interdisciplinary classes have brought new challenges for teachers of physiology in academic, personal and organizational areas. This included change of the teacher’s role from presenter of knowledges to facilitator for studies, change of focus from mostly theory-oriented teaching to more clinically applicable, need for deeper understanding of the material from other subjects and improvement of personal communication competences. Despite some encouraging data about changes in the attitude toward learning among PBL students, there is a lack of information how successfully teachers of physiology (or other preclinical subjects) cope with these challenges, and how this affects students’ ability to integrate knowledge from different preclinical subjects into a whole and use them to make diagnostic and treatment decisions during subsequent studies and residency training. Such study could possibly help to improve the preparation of teachers for PBL and the integration of physiology discipline into the PBL curriculum.

The aim of this study was to determine main chemical compounds in Elsholtzia ciliata and increase the efficiency of their extraction from herbal materials. To our knowledge, this is the first research comparing different extraction methods and conditions of the E. ciliata extracts production. Extracts were obtained by ultrasoundassisted (UAE), heat-reflux (HRE), continuous stirring (CSE), maceration (ME), percolation (PE), and ultrasound assisted with percolation (UAE with PE) extraction methods In this study, 13 phenolic compounds were determined for the first time in E. ciliata extracts (quinic acid, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, vitexin, ferulic acid, luteolin-7-rutinoside, luteolin-7-glucoside, procyanidin B, apigenin-7-glucoside, naringenin, diosmetin, and chrysin) and six volatile compounds in essential oil (EO) (ethylfuran, shisofuran, methyl nerate, 4-vinyl guaiacol, cis-alpha-bergamotene and phytone). The lowest contents of polyphenols and ketones were obtained by PE. The optimal method for the chemical compounds recovery was UAE with the solvent 70% ethanol and 30 min extraction time. For the first time was investigated E. ciliata EO emulsion relaxation effect of rat mesenteric blood vessels. Emulsion showed a weak vasorelaxing ability.

Mokomojoje knygoje pateikiama fiziologijos praktikos darbų teoriniai ir praktiniai aprašymai. Knyga skirta farmacijos, odontologijos, slaugos, kineziterapijos ir ergoterapijos programų studentams. Įvadas.

Mokomojoje knygoje pateikta teorinė ir praktinė žmogaus ir gyvūnų fiziologijos medžiaga, padėsianti studentams pratybų metu. Knyga skirta Medicininės ir veterinarinės genetikos, Medicininės ir veterinarinės biochemijos, Maisto mokslo studijų studentams, studijuojantiems žmogaus ir gyvūnų fiziologiją.

Modulį "Žmogaus reprodukcinė sveikata ir klinikinių studijų pagrindai" sudaro dvi sudėtinės lygiavertės dalys: "Reprodukcija ir paveldėjimas" ir "Klinikinių studijų pagrindai (profesinė kompetencija)". Šis vadovėlis skirtas modulio "Reprodukcija ir paveldėjimas" daliai, kurią sudaro 11 mokomųjų dalykų. Studijuojama žmogaus kūno audinių ir organų (vyro ir moters lytinės sistemos, dalies endokrininės sistemos) makroskopinė ir mikroskopinė struktūra, fiziologinių, biocheminių bei patologinių procesų, vykstančių žmogaus organizme, mechanizmai. [...]. Norėdami palengvinti studentų mokymąsi, parengėme naujovišką vadovėlį, kuriame dera teorinė medžiaga ir praktinės užduotys. [...]. Geriau pasirengti padės šis vadovėlis, kuriame pateikti mokomųjų problemų aprašai, užduotys, studentų atliekamos praktikos darbų metu, seminarų santraukos ir juose nagrinėjamų klausimų temos. Studentmas po kiekvieno praktikos darbo ir seminaro pateikiami skyreliai "Saviruošos klausimai" ir "Laukiamieji studijų rezultatai", kuriuose išvardyta tai, ką studentai turi žinoti, gebėti, perprasti ir išmokti. Tai tarsi įgytų žinių rodiklis būsimoms studijoms.

Problem based learning (PBL) was introduced in LUHS through medical studies curriculum reform in 2007. Program was reorganized from discipline-oriented to integrated modules, hybrid model of combining PBL tutorials and traditional classes was chosen, with biggest changes made in preclinical disciplines. Formerly taught in pure-discipline cycles of a few months duration, subjects like anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, etc. in reorganized curriculum were integrated on thematic basis and spread throughout 2 – 3 study years. Teacher competencies had to be broadened to support newly introduced tutorials. Changes, made since PBL introduction, were perceived by teachers in several areas: pedagogical, including role shift from presenter to facilitator of students' (self) learning, changing focus from formerly mostly theory-oriented to more practically-applicable; personal development – “more motivation to master material from other subjects”; organizational – regular intra- and inter-departmental faculty meetings. Student acceptance of the new system and their study results are encouraging. According to inquiry into student attitude to learning, made in LUHS department of Languages and Education, deep approach to learning was more frequently observed among the students of Faculty of Medicine, where PBL system has been introduced, students more frequently stated, that learning is a pleasurable activity, placed more emphasis on internal aspects of evaluation, than in other faculties. Long term retention of preclinical knowledge is not noted to be worse when compared to traditional learning. Teachers and supervisors at residency training express opinion, that specific knowledge of preclinical subjects, like physiology and pharmacology, do not seem to differ compared to before PBL introduction, however of notice is augmented ability to integrate processes into the whole and use them to make diagnostic an

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-inhibiting peptide D-JNKI-1, syn. XG-102 was tested for its therapeutic potential in acute inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice. Rectal instillation of the chemical irritant trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) provoked a dramatic acute inflammation in the colon of 7-9 weeks old mice. Coincident subcutaneous application of 100 µg/kg XG-102 significantly reduced the loss of body weight, rectal bleeding and diarrhoea. After 72 h, the end of the study, the colon was removed and immuno-histochemically analysed. XG-102 significantly reduced (i) pathological changes such as ulceration or crypt deformation, (ii) immune cell pathology such as infiltration and presence of CD3- and CD68-positive cells, (iii) the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in colon tissue cultures from TNBS-treated mice, (iv) expression of Bim, Bax, FasL, p53, and activation of caspase 3, (v) complexation of JNK2 and Bim, and (vi) expression and activation of the JNK substrate and transcription factor c-Jun. A single application of subcutaneous XG-102 was at least as effective or even better depending on the outcome parameter as the daily oral application of sulfasalazine used for treatment of IBD.The successful and substantial reduction of the severe, TNBS-evoked intestinal damages and clinical symptoms render the JNK-inhibiting peptide XG-102 a powerful therapeutic principle of IBD.

The effect of ethanolic Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract (GE) on vascular smooth muscle contractility and endothelium-dependent relaxation were investigated in this study. Direct applications on isolated vessels from Wistar rats as well as animal feeding with the extract (dosage of 0.32 ml/kg for 10 days) were used. Vascular contractility of small isolated mesenteric arteries of the animals was examined using wire myography. The extract significantly suppressed the vascular contraction to KCl in dose-dependent mode (4  10-3 mg/ml of phenolic compounds (PC) – up to 82%; 4  10-2 mg/ml of PC – 37%, p < 0.01; and 0.4 mg/ml of PC – 4%, p < 0.001). Ten (10) days of administration of the extract for the animals in drinking water resulted in slight decrease of contractility to KCl (95%) and phenylephrine (88%). Both the endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and endothelium-independent relaxation to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were slightly improved by shifting the dose–response curve leftward with the significantly improved maximum relaxation (86.39 ± 3.61 to 60.84 ± 12.45%, p < 0.05 with 1 mM acetylcholine and 82.86 ± 8 to 55.86 ± 10.85%; p < 0.05, with 1 mM SNP). These results suggested that GE improved and revealed the vasorelaxant effects mainly attributed to smooth muscle involving mechanisms without impairment of the endothelium-depended relaxation.