Gedgaudas, Rolandas

Background: Liver cirrhosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies highlight the important role of gut microbiome dysbiosis in cirrhosis progression through the gut-liver axis.

Aim: To review the role of the microbiome in cirrhosis pathogenesis and evaluate current and emerging microbiome-targeted therapies.

Methods: A structured narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed articles related to liver cirrhosis, gut microbiome, dysbiosis, and microbiome-targeted therapies.

Results: Cirrhosis is associated with reduced beneficial gut bacteria and increased pathogenic oral-origin species such as Veillonella and Streptococcus spp. Dysbiosis contributes to inflammation, ammonia production, and disease progression. Standard therapies such as lactulose and rifaximin improve symptoms but do not fully restore microbial balance. Emerging therapies, particularly Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) and postbiotics, demonstrate promising therapeutic potential.

Conclusions: Gut microbiome dysbiosis plays a significant role in liver cirrhosis progression. Microbiome-targeted therapies may become an important future direction in cirrhosis management.

Acute alcoholic hepatitis is a liver disease that is becoming increasingly relevant. This literature review explores the severity of acute alcoholic hepatitis, how to diagnose it, and current treatment methods. Severity classifications are pivotal in determining treatment options and access to transplantation for patients. These classifications rely on scoring systems, typically the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, to guide patient management. However, recent studies have questioned the efficacy of these scoring methods and proposed alternatives to reduce patient mortality. By examining current research and clinical practices, this review aims to provide insights into optimizing acute alcoholic hepatitis management strategies, with the ultimate goal of improving patient outcomes.

This study sets out to retrospectively investigate the data of patients' medical records who treated for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which could not be controlled during initial endoscopy or was related to early rebleeding after endoscopic hemostasis. Data were collected from medical history and were statistically analyzed to establish the features and risk factors associated with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding