Čepulienė, Daiva

Krūties Pedžeto liga (PL) yra reta spenelio liga, siejama su krūties vėžiu. Ji randama apie 1–4 proc. visų krūties vėžio atvejų. Pedžeto liga dažnai yra susijusi su piktybiniais pokyčiais centrinėje krūties srityje. Klinikiniu požiūriu ligai būdingi spenelio ir areolos odos pakitimai: paraudimas, pleiskanojimas, sustorėjimas, niežulys, skausmas. Diferencinė diagnostika svarbi dėl panašumo į uždegimines ar ikivėžines odos ligas, psoriazę, melanomą ir kitas. Diagnostika pradedama nuo paciento nusiskundimų analizės ir fizinio ištyrimo. Vaizdo tyrimams naudojami ultragarsas (UG), mamografija (MG), tačiau jautriausias metodas – magnetinio rezonanso tomografija (MRT). Galutinei diagnozei patvirtinti būtina biopsija ir histologinis ištyrimas. Gydymas priklauso nuo vėžio tipo ir išplitimo. Dažniausiai taikomas chirurginis gydymas – krūtį tausojanti operacija arba mastektomija. Sprendimas priimamas daugiadalykei gydytojų komandai visapusiškai ištyrus pacientą. Radioterapija taikoma po operacijos, jei kartu nustatoma duktalinė karcinoma in situ (DCIS) ar invazinė karcinoma, siekiant sumažinti atkryčio riziką. Svarbu įvertinti limfmazgių būklę, ypač esant invaziniam vėžiui. Šiame straipsnyje pristatomas Pedžeto ligos su duktaline karcinoma in situ klinikinis atvejis ir apžvelgiami aktualūs literatūros duomenys.

Nutukimas - viena aktualiausių dabartinės visuomenės problemų, neigiamai veikianti daugelį organizmo sistemų ir trikdanti sergančiojo šia liga gyvenimo kokybę, darbingumą bei trumpinanti gyvenimą. Tai - metaboliškai aktyvi ir recidyvuojanti liga, kurios metu kūno masė didėja riebalinio audinio sąskaita. Nutukimą kaip ligą Amerikos medicinos asociacija oficialiai pripažino 2013 metais. Nutukimas pastaruoju metu yra labiausiai aptarinėjama tema tiek medicinos, tiek plačiojoje visuomenėje. Kalbant apie nutukimą, dažnai ši būklė siejama su asmeniniu kaltės priskyrimu: „reikia tik noro“, „reikia suimti save į rankas“ ir t. t. Įvairiais istoriniais laikotarpiais požiūris į žmogaus kūno formas keitėsi nuo Rubenso tipo moterų iki anoreksinių mados manekenių formų. Menamų kūno formų standartų neatitinkantis žmogus gali būti pavadintas putliu, stambiu, apkūniu, didelio dydžio ar net storuliu ar apsileidusiu. Medicinos bendruomenėje vyrauja terminai: antsvoris, hipotalaminis, pilvinis, centrinio tipo, kušingoidinis, morbidinis nutukimas ir kt. Nutukimas turi kompleksines pasekmes - skatina lėtines ligas, galinčias sutrumpinti žmogaus amžių 10-15 metų. Per pastaruosius 5 dešimtmečius nutukimo paplitimas pasaulyje padidėjo daugiau nei 3 kartus, ir dabar tai įvardijama kaip nutukimo pandemija. Klinikinėje praktikoje nustatomos įvairiausios nutukimo priežastys - nuo genetinių (Prader-Willi sindromas, Aistrom sindromas, LEPR (leptino receptoriaus) ar LEP (leptino) geno mutacijos ir kt.), endokrininių (hipotirozė, hiperkorticizmas, hipogonadizmas ir kt.) iki valgymo priklausomybių. Skirtingos yra ir nutukusių kūno formos bei kūno kompozicija. Todėl kūno masės indeksas (KMI) klinikiniu požiūriu jau nebetenka prasmės. KMI tikslinga naudoti populiaciniams, palyginamiesiems tyrimams. Statistiniais duomenimis (HIS Lietuva, Eurostat, 2019-2022 m.), pagal KMI nutukusių suaugusių Lietuvoje buvo 21-23 proc. Skaičiuojama, kad apie 60 proc. suaugusiųjų Lietuvoje turi antsvorio ar yra nutukę. Tai - tik statistika, neatspindinti konkrečios individo būklės. 2025 m. pasaulio 58 ekspertų grupė, atstovaujanti įvairioms medicinos specialybėms ir šalims, išanalizavo turimus įrodymus ir, pritarus 75 medikų ir pacientų organizacijoms, rekomendavo klasifikaciją, kurioje išskiriamas ikiklinikinis ir klinikinis nutukimas. Pagal epidemiologinius ir klinikinius duomenis, nutukimas susijęs su daugiau nei 200 skirtingų ligų ir sveikatos sutrikimų. [...]

Algoritmas (lot. algorismus

Background: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58-5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23-0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised.

Prediabetas yra angliavandenių apykaitos sutrikimas, pagrįstas glikemijos rodikliais, viršijančiais normą, tačiau nesiekiančiais cukrinio diabeto ribų. Jis dar vadinamas tarpine hiperglikemija ir siejamas su makrokraujagysline ateroskleroze bei su tuo susijusiomis širdies ir kraujagyslių ligomis, didina diabetinės retinopatijos ir nefropatijos riziką. Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais prediabeto paplitimas pasaulyje didėja, tačiau tikslūs globalaus prediabeto plitimo duomenys nėra žinomi. Prognozuojama, kad 2030 m. juo gali sirgti daugiau 470 milijonų žmonių. LSMU Endokrinologijos instituto mokslininkų tyrimo duomenimis, viename Lietuvos rajone prediabetas diagnozuotas daugiau nei 32 proc. populiacijos. Tarptautinės diabeto federacijos 2019 m. duomenimis, gliukozės tolerancijos sutrikimas nustatomas 7,5 proc. 18-99 metų amžiaus žmonių, ir apie pusę jų jaunesni nei 50 metų. Leidinyje pateikiama prediabeto patofiziologija, rizikos veiksniai, diagnostika, aptariamos prediabeto sąsajos su periferine nervų sistema, mikro- ir makrokraujagyslių pokyčiais, hipertenzija, širdies nepakankamumu, akių ir inkstų ligomis, aprašomas prediabetas ir hemostazė, vyrų lytinių hormonų pusiausvyros ir erekcijos trikimai prediabeto atvejais, prediabeto problemos vaikų amžiuje, pateikiama duomenų apie pirminę diabeto sukeltą komplikacijų prevenciją ir kt. klausimai.

Background: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70-8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39-8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11-3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26-11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08-7·29).[...].

Progress in oncology has allowed to improve outcomes in many breast cancer patients. The core stone of breast cancer chemotherapy is anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Unfortunately, anthracyclines cause cardiotoxicity which is a limiting factor of its use and lifetime cumulative dose of anthracyclines is the major risk factor for cardiotoxicity. With evolution of echocardiography subclinical damage is identified, and more sensitive evaluation can be performed. This leads to understanding the heart damage beyond cumulative dose in early phase and importance of other risk factors. There are many risk factors for anthracycline-based chemotherapy cardiotoxicity (ABCC) like arterial hypertension, obesity, diabetes, genetic predisposition, etc. One of possible pathophysiological pathways is iron metabolism, especially HFE gene-regulated iron metabolism pathway. Pre-existing genetic iron metabolism dysregulation increases risk for ABCC. Clinical studies and experimental models in mice have shown potential impact of HFE gene SNP on ABCC. The main objective of our study was to identify the impact of HFE C282Y and H63D SNP on the development of subclinical heart damage during and/or after doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Data of 81 women with breast cancer treated with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in the outpatient clinic were analyzed and SNP RT-PCR tests were performed. Statistically significant association between H63D and ABCC after completion of chemotherapy was observed (p < 0.005). Consequently, our study demonstrated that H63D SNP has an important role in the development of ABCC. HFE SNP mutation status could be used as one of important tools to identify high-risk patients for ABCC.

Background and objectives: With improved diagnostic means of early breast cancer, the percentage of cases with metastasis in axillary lymph nodes has decreased from 50%–75% to 15%–30%. Lymphadenectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy are not treatment procedures, as they aim at axillary nodal staging in breast cancer. Being surgical interventions, they can lead to various complications. Therefore, recently much attention has been paid to the identification of non-invasive methods for axillary nodal staging. In many countries, ultrasound is a first-line method to evaluate axillary lymph node status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of ultrasound in detecting intact axillary lymph nodes and to assess the accuracy of ultrasound in detecting a heavy nodal disease burden. The additional objective was to evaluate patients’ and tumor characteristics leading to false-negative results. Materials and Methods: A total of 227 women with newly diagnosed pT1 breast cancer were included to this prospective study conducted at the Breast Surgery Unit, Clinic of Surgery, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos, between May 1, 2016, and May 31, 2018. All patients underwent preoperative axillary ultrasound examination. Ultrasound data were compared with the results of histological examination. The accuracy and true-negative rate of ultrasound were calculated. The reasons of false-negative results were analyzed. Results: Of the 189 patients who had normally appearing axillary lymph nodes on preoperative ultrasound (PAUS-negative), 173 (91.5%) patients were also confirmed to have intact axillary lymph nodes (node-negative) by histological examination after surgery. The accuracy and the negative predictive value of ultrasound examination were 84.1% and 91.5%, respectively. [...].

The optimal surgical management of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) remains undefined. The aim of the study was to obtain long-term results of oncoplastic surgery in terms of overall survival, loco-regional recurrence, and quality of life in case of LABC. Prospective cohort study enrolled 60 patients with stage III breast cancer. Forty-two (70%) patients received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, 28 patients were considered suitable for surgery as initial treatment option. Type II oncoplastic surgery was performed for all patients: hemimastectomy and breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap - for 29 (48.3%), lumpectomy - 31 (51.7%), and reconstruction with subaxillary flap for four (6.7%), with bilateral reduction mammoplasty - 14 (23.3%) and with J-plastic - 13 (21.7%) patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy followed surgery for all, except one, patients. Sequential radiotherapy was administered for all patients. The mean period of follow-up was 86 months. Postoperative morbidity rate was 5%. Local-regional recurrence was detected in six (10%) patients. After reoperation no local relapse was diagnosed. However, three of these patients had systemic dissemination of the disease. Distant metastasis was detected in 23 (38.3%) patients. Distant metastasis-free survival at 5 years was 61.7%. Fourteen patients died (23.3%). A total of 87.2% of the patients had good and excellent esthetic outcome. Oncoplastic breast-conserving surgery can be proposed for selected patients with LABC with acceptable complication, local recurrence rate, and good esthetic results.

Tyrimo tikslas. Palyginti magnetinio rezonanso tomografijos, ultragarsinio ir mamografinio tyrimų diagnostines galimybes krūtų piktybinių navikų lokalaus išplitimui vertinti. Metodika. Atliktas perspektyvusis atvejo – kontrolės tyrimas. 118 pacienčių po mamografinio arba ultragarsinio krūtų tyrimų įtarus krūties vėžį, buvo atliktas magnetinio rezonanso tomografijos tyrimas. Krūties vėžys histologiniu tyrimu (po stulpelinės biopsijos) buvo patvirtintas 96 pacientėms. Analizuojant duomenis, vertintas pacienčių amžius, matuotas tikrasis naviko dydis, pasireiškimo pobūdis, daugiažidiniškumas, neinvazinis naviko komponentas. Radiologinių vaizdų duomenys lyginti su histologinio tyrimo rezultatais. Nustatant radiologinių tyrimų diagnostines vertes, apskaičiuotas tyrimų jautrumas ir specifiškumas. [...].