Starevičius, Danielius

Kiekvieno pieninius ar mėsinius galvijus laikančio ūkininko tikslas – gauti po sveiką veršelį per metus. Šį tikslą pasiekti kai kada trukdo veršiavimosi problemos, kurios kyla dėl žinių stokos ar laiku nesuteiktos veterinarinės pagalbos. Mėsinių galvijų augintojai išskiria du kritinius momentus – veršiavimąsi ir veršelio priežiūrą. Todėl labai svarbi pirmiausia motinos priežiūra, o paskui – paties veršelio, nes jo netekus patiriamas maždaug tūkstančio eurų nuostolis. Kokie veiksniai lemia veršelių praradimą? Pirmiausia – tai motinos paruošimas veršiavimuisi. Jeigu karvė veršiuojasi ganykloje, atveda stiprų veršelį, o ūkininko pagrindinis darbas – spėti jį pagauti pirmą dieną ir paženklinti, nes po to energingai laigantį po pievą pagauti bus labai sunku. Lietuvoje susiklosčiusi tradicija, kad veršiavimosi sezonas prasideda sausį-vasarį ir trunka iki balandžio. Galbūt ūkininkai įžvelgia ekonominių privalumų, gal tokiu metu atvestas veršelis geriau auga, tačiau, kalbant apie motinos situaciją, vasarį-kovą jai yra nepalankiausias laikas veršiuotis. Tvarto aplinka veršiuotis netinkamesnė mėsinei karvei negu pieninei. Pieninės lėtesnės, joms reikia mažiau laisvės, todėl veršiuotis žiemą joms nėra taip blogai. O mėsinės dėl tvarto aplinkos gali atvesti silpnesnius veršiukus. [...]..

Gyvulius auginantys ūkininkai neretai turi susikūrę savų teorijų, kaip juos auginti ir prižiūrėti. Kai kurios „tiesos“ perimamos iš senesnių laikų, neįvertinant, kad keičiasi ir pašarai, ir produktyvumas, ir pačios ligos. Dar kai kurias ūkininkų teorijas apskritai sunku paaiškinti.

Naujagimiai veršeliai ūkininkams, žemės ūkio bendrovių valdytojams ir darbuotojams šaltuoju metų laiku (lapkričio-balandžio mėnesiais) sukelia ne mažiau rūpesčių negu pieno kaina. Žiemos pabaiga ir pavasario pradžia dažnai būna pats blogiausias laikas, nes paūmėja veršelių diarėja ir pneumonija.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the Lactobacillus sakei KTU05-6 supplement non milk production and ruminal processes in feeding dairy cows. Trial and control groups received identical diets, however the trial group received also 100 g of the supplement per head daily (10⁹ colonyforming units (CFU) of L. sakei/head/d) during 65 days. It was found that at the end of the experimental milk yield and content of milk fat, protein, lactose and urea in the trial group did not differ significantly compared to the control group ( P>0.05). At the end of the experiment ruminal pH, total and individual volatile fatty acids, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, D(-)-lactic acid, reduction activity of bacteria, glucose fermentation reaction, protozoa number, total count of lactobacilliand enterobacteria in trial group had no significant difference (P>0.05) from those characteristics in the control group. We conclude that 10⁹ CFU/head/dLactobacillus sakei KTU5-6 may not be beneficial for dairy cows, as positive effect on the milk yield and milk composition, on the activity of the ruminal fermentation and microorganisms of rumen fluid was not observed in the studied animals.

Ūkininkai, auginantys melžiamas karves, nuolat susiduria su slapta ketozės forma, kai padidėja energijos poreikis pieno laktozės sintezei.

Karvių augintojai neretai susiduria su liga, dėl kurios šviežiapienės ilgai negali atsikelti. Veterinarijos gydytojai dažniausiai šią ligą vadina ostemalecija arba liaudiškai – kaulų suminkštėjimu.

Pediococcus pentosaceus are facultative anaerobic homofermentative lactic acid bacteria used to optimize fermentative processes in food industry and forage production. The aim of this investigation was to define the effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-8 additive on the microflora of cows' rumen fluid and faeces. The experiment was carried out with dairy cows during the indoor period. Twenty clinically healthy cows were selected for the investigation according to the principle of analogous. The experimental cows were divided into two groups: the cows of the group I (n=10) were fed ration without additive; the cows of the group II (n=10) 56 days were given 100 g per day additive - fermented by Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-8 extruded wheat flour (5.0x10⁸ CFU/g). The following parameters were studied in the rumen fluid and faeces of cows: total count of aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (TMC), count of lactobacillus (TCL) and enterobacteria (TCE). To define total count of aerobic bacteria was used Nutritional agar (Oxoid, England), for cultivation and quantitative evaluation of Lactobacillus was used MRS agar ("liofilchem", Italy), to define of enterobacteria was used MAC - Conkey agar ("Liofilchem", Italy). Count of microorganisms was calculated as a logarithmic expression in the rumen fluid- (log cfu/ml), in faeces-(log cfu/g). The experimental data were evaluated statistically by SPSS (licence No. 9900457; version 15, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) statistic package. Experimental data of microbiological parameters in cows rumen fluid and faeces are presented in table 1. [...].

The aim of this research was to define the impact of Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-8 additive on dairy cows" rumen fluid pH, protozoa number, reduction activity of bacteria, rate of glucose fermentation and total VFA production. Methods. The experiment was carried out with dairy cows during the indoor period. Twenty clinically healthy cows were selectedd for the investigation according to the principle of analogous taking into consideration their age, the productivity and period of lactation. The cows were fed balanced according to the requirements of crude protein and metabolizable energy ration. The experiment cows were divided into two groups: the cows of the group I (n=10) were fed ration without additive; the cows of the group II (n=10) 56 days were given 100 g per day additive - fermented by Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-8 extruded wheat flour (5.0x10⁸ CFU/g). Extruded wheat wholemeal (moisture content 8.6%) produced by a single-screw extruder (Ustukiu malunas Ltd, Lithuania). The rumen fluid was investigated at the beginning of the experiment i.e. one day before starting feeding additive and the end of the experiment i.e. one day after the last dose or the additive. The following parameters were measured: rumen pH, protozoa number, reduction activity of bacteria, glucose fermentation and total VFA production. The rumen fluid of experimental cows was taken by the stomach tube (GDZ-1) 3 h after morning feeding. The experimental data were evaluated statistically by SPSS (license No. 9900457; version 15, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) statistic package. [...].

The aim of this investigation was to define the effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-8 additive on the milk production of dairy cows. The experiment was carried out with dairy cows during the indoor period. Twenty clinically healthy cows were selected for the investigation according to the principle of analogous taking into consideration their age, daily milk yield (kg), number of lactations and period of lactation. The cows were fed balanced according to the requirements of crude protein and metabolizable energy ration. The experimental cows were divided into two groups: the cows of the group I (n=10) were fed ration without additive; the cows of the group II (n=10) 56 days were given 100 g per day additive - fermented by Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-8 extruded wheat flour (5.0x10⁵ CFU/g). Extruded wheat wholemeal (moisture content 8.6%) produced by a single-screw extruder (Ustukiu malunas Ltd, Lithuania). Milk yield was measured at the beginning and the end of the experiment during control milking. At the same time milk samples were taken and studied in PI "Pieno tyrimai". The following parameters were measured: milk fat, milk protein, lactose, urea, somatic cells count (SCC). The measurements of milk fat, milk protein, lactose and urea were made by the equipment "LactoScope FTIR" (FT1.0. 2001; Delta Instruments, Holland); somatic cells - by the apparatus "SomaScope" (CA-3A4, 2004; Delta Instruments, Holland). The experimental data were evaluated statistically by SPSS (licence No. 9900457; version 15, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) statistic package. [...].