The Influence of ration changes in the dynamics of the activity of blood biochemical indicators and liver enzymes in heifers

Abstract

Cattle, like all other animals, need five main components in their diet: carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water (although the water is not a nutrient material, any diet or vitality is impossible without it) [1, 2]. Sometimes, it is difficult to ensure a proper diet and to match the ration exactly as required by the animals. In this case, feed additives are used to ensure a proper diet that fully meets the needs of the animal. Feeds may also be fortified with supplements if clinical symptoms appear to be present due to a lack of some materials in the diet. Proper selection of the supplement and its dose is very important, because too much of it can be harmful to animals: decreased productivity, impaired metabolism, the onset of pathological processes may occur [3]. The main tasks of this investigation were determination of the effect of dietary changes on the hepatic activity of the liver enzyme; analysis of the most important biochemical parameters of the blood, which are the most sensitive indicators for changes in the diet and how they relate to changes in liver enzymes; and calculation of the interactions and relationships between the obtained biochemical parameters. A particularly pronounced change was observed in GGT and ALP enzymes. The mean GGT concentration at the beginning of the study was 19.07 U/L, and at the end of the study (90 days), it reached 22.41 U/L (norm: 6–17.4 U/L), while the ALP at the beginning of the study was 160.07 U/L, and at the end, it was 224.31 U/L (norm: 0–488 U/L). The correlation coefficient of these enzymes is very strong – 0.97. Hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia, which occurred throughout the study irrespective of changes in the diet, were investigated for other biochemical parameters, determining the cause and relationship between changes in liver enzymes. The calcium concentration on day 0 of the experiment was 5.61 mg/dL and on day 90, it was 6.2 mg/dL doses (norm: 8–11.4 mg/dL), magnesium concentration 0.98 mg/dL and 1.1 mg/dL, respectively (norm: 1.5–2.9 mg/dL). However, a significant increase in phosphorus concentration was observed throughout the study, hypophosphataemia was found to be 5.36 mg/dL on day 0 and increased to 8.22 mg/dL on day 90 (rate: 5.6–8.0 mg/dL). A positive correlation was found between the increase in protein concentrations and the increase in urea and protein uptake and creatinine change, respectively, by a factor of 0.97 and 0.64. It is also likely that due to the increased protein content and the resulting ammonia in the liver, GGT serum levels were also increased due to liver toxicity of ammonia, as the GGT and urea correlation coefficient is very strong and equal to 0.97.