Training

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Courses

LSMU BIC conducts short courses:

Working with information management program RefWorks
Searching in LSMU BIC information sources
Searching in PubMed and Cochrane Library
Introduction to Systematic Literature Review

For course times, contact: +370 37 327222; e-mail: asta.burbulyte@lsmu.lt

Examples of Vancouver style citations

Source type	Examples for citation in the text	Template of source description in bibliography	An example of source description in a bibliography
Book	(1); [1]; ¹	Author. Book title. Edition. Publisher; Year.	Doherty P. An insider’s plague year. Melbourne University Press; 2021
e-book (with DOI)	(1); [1]; ¹	Author. Book title. Edition. Publisher; Year. doi:xxxxx	Glenn RW. Come hell or high fever: readying the world’s megacities for disaster. ANU Press; 2023. doi:10.22459/CHHF.2023
e-book (with URL)	(1); [1]; ¹	Author. Book title. Edition. Publisher; Year. Date of Access. URL	Keech BM, Laterza RD. Anesthesia Secrets. 6 Ed. Elesevier; 2021. Accessed 15 September, 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0- B9780323640152099881
Article	(1); [1]; ¹	Author. Article title. Journal title. Year;Volume(Number):Pages.	Odle TG. Precision Medicine in Breast Cancer. Radiol Technol. 2017;88(4):401M- 421M.
Electronic article (with DOI)	(1); [1]; ¹	Author. Article title. Journal title. Year;Volume(Number):Pages. doi:xxxxx	Tian YE, Cropley V, Maier AB, Lautenschlager NT, Breakspear M, Zalesky A. Heterogeneous aging across multiple organ systems and prediction of chronic disease and mortality. Nat Med. 2023;29(5):1221-1231. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02296-6
Electronic article (with URL)	(1); [1]; ¹	Author. Article title. Journal title. Year;Volume(Number):Pages. URL	Sauliūnė S, Kalėdienė R, Kaselienė S, Jaruševičienė L. Health profile of the urban community members in Lithuania: do socio-demographic factors matter? Medicina (Kaunas). 2014;50(6):360-5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1010660X14001098?via%3Dihub
Thesis	(1); [1]; ¹	Author. Title. Thesis type. University in which the thesis was defended; date of thesis defence.	Baubilienė A. Kai kurie miokardo infarkto epidemiologijos klausimai Lietuvos TSR sąlygomis : disertacija medicinos mokslų daktaro laipsniui įgyti. Dissertation. Kauno medicinos institutas. 1964.
Electronic thesis	(1); [1]; ¹	Author. Title. Thesis type. University in which the thesis was defended; date of thesis defence. Date of Access. URL	Tumienė D. Bendrosios praktikos gydytojų ir jų pacientų požiūrio į natūraliąją mediciną vertinimas. Dissertation. Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas; 2007. Accessed 21 June 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12512/102269
Website	(1); [1]; ¹	Author. Title of the piece. Website title. Date of publication. Update date. Date of Access. URL	Pelenis A. Baltijos jūros pakrantėje aptiko kardžuvę: siekė daugiau nei pusantro metro. Delfi. 11 September, 2023. Accessed 14 September, 2023. https://www.delfi.lt/grynas/gamta/baltijos-juros-pakranteje-aptiko-kardzuve-sieke- daugiau-nei-pusantro-metro-94482749
AI	In response to the question…, OpenAI ChatGPT provided the following answer… (February 22nd, 2023)

Prepared based on: https://library.unimelb.edu.au/recite/referencing-styles/vancouver#
Updated: 30/06/2023

Evidence-based practice

Evidence-based medicine is the honest, accurate and intelligent use of existing modern evidence, applying individual treatment or health care measures in the treatment of patients (D. Sackett, 1996). One name is inseparable from this concept – the “Cochrane Society”. British epidemiologist A. Cochrane said in 1979:

“It is undoubtedly a major shortcoming of our professional community that there is no system of critical reviews that includes all important randomised controlled trials, structured by specialisations and sub-specialisations, and periodically updated”

In other words, although a lot of medical research data has been accumulated, the work of systematising them has not been done. This observation gave rise to what is now known as the Cochrane Community, which currently unites 14 Cochrane centres on all continents. The activities of these centres cover all medical fields and specialisations. Its purpose is to find and present the most reliable of the currently known scientifically confirmed facts on the treatment of specific diseases.

Formulation of the question. This is the conversion of an information need into an accurate clinical query. The quality of the results will depend on how precisely the question is formulated.
Efficient best-evidence literature search. At this stage, clinicians are best assisted by an information specialist.
Critical evaluation of the evidence found. At this stage, it is necessary to “know how to read” the publication, it is necessary to review the structure of the article, pay attention to the type of publication, what research methodology was used during the scientific research and assess the reliability of the evidence.
Analysis of evidence, reconciliation with clinical experience and patient specificity. The integration of these three parts is a prerequisite for the practice of evidence-based medicine.
Decision making in clinical practice.

The first step is to determine the type of question: whether it will be a general question about conditions and diseases, or a question specific to a specific clinical action or decision.

General questions are about some disease, its course and necessarily consist of two essential components: question words what, how, when and a verb, for example:

How many people have a certain disease/condition..? (prevalence)
What causes the disease/condition…? (aetiology)
How can you tell if someone has a certain disease/condition? (diagnosis)
How can the disease/condition be treated? (effect)
What is the likely course of the disease/condition? (prognosis)
How do patients with this disease/condition feel? (experience/attitude)

Specific questions start with the word “do/does” and only one answer is possible: YES or NO and related to the patient’s specific disease and consists of 3 or 4 components:

Problem (patient, problem)
Intervention (intervention, treatment, cause of disease)
Comparison
Outcome (results, effect)

When searching for information, it is important to correctly identify the category because it denotes the research methods and type of publication we can expect to find, and which sources should be searched for information.

The types of publications and studies differ not only in terms of quantity in databases, but also in quality. The pyramid below provides a ranking of the different types of publications based on the validity and reliability of the scientific evidence. At the top of the pyramid, the most reliable type of publication in the meta-analysis is represented, and in descending order, the reliability of publication types decreases. However, it should also be noted that the number of types in the higher positions of the pyramid decreases, which means that it is significantly more difficult to find them in the databases:

Reviews of evidence-based medicine can be searched in many databases, but the most well-known database of the Cochrane Society is the Cochrane Library.